Emperors vs. Popes
Half-Hour History: Secrets of the Medieval World
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The Concordot of Vormps
The Concordot of Vormps in 1122 led to a truce between Henry V and Calixtus. In Catholic tradition, nowadays if a bishop dies the pope appoints him or she; in Protestant churches there's an election. The church is still asserting this principle of freedom without inside interference: John Paul II.
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