For years, scientists thought nothing could live above 73℃/163℉. At that temperature, everything boiled to death. But scientists Tom Brock and Hudson Freeze weren’t convinced. What began as their simple quest to trawl for life in some of the hottest natural springs on Earth would, decades later, change the trajectory of biological science forever, saving millions of lives—possibly even yours.

This seismic, totally unpredictable discovery, was funded by the U.S. government. This week, as the Trump administration slashes scientific research budgets en masse, we tell one story, a parable about the unforeseeable miracles that basic research can yield. After that, a familiar voice raises some essential questions: what are we risking with these cuts? And can we recover?

Special thanks to Joanne Padrón Carney, Erin Heath, Valeria Sabate, Gwendolyn Bogard, Meredith Asbury and Megan Cantwell at AAAS. Thank you as well to Gregor Čavlović and Derek Muller and the rest of the Veritasium team.

EPISODE CREDITS:
Reported by - Latif Nasser
with help from - Maria Paz Gutiérrez
Produced by - Sarah Qari and Maria Paz Gutiérrez
Original music and sound design and mixing from - Jeremy Bloom
Fact-checking by - Emily Kreiger
and Edited by - Alex Neason with help from Sarah Qari

EPISODE CITATIONS:

Videos -
Latif also helped make a version of this story with the YouTube channel Veritasium.

Articles -
Hudson Freeze NYT OPED: Undercutting the Progress of American Science

Books -
Thomas Brock, A Scientist in Yellowstone National Park
Paul Rabinow’s Making PCR: A Story of Biotechnology

Podcasts Episodes:
If you haven’t heard, listen to our first episode about the Golden Goose awards.

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Leadership support for Radiolab’s science programming is provided by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation Initiative, and the John Templeton Foundation. Foundational support for Radiolab was provided by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

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