Introduction

In the 19 thirties, ime ceser invented the word neretude and used it for the first time in the student journal le tudian noir. That was just one of a number of remarkable contributions by cesar to africa art and thought in 19 56. In september of that year, he attended the first congress of black writers and artists and presented a paper called culture and colonization. The next month, he gave up his membership within the french communist party,. explaining his reasons for doing so in an open letter to the national cretary, maurice thores.