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Placebo, Opioids, and Ketamine's Impact on Pain and Depression
This chapter explores the relationship between the placebo effect and the endogenous opioid system, particularly in the context of postoperative pain and depression treatment. It discusses how naloxone reduces placebo effectiveness, the influence of chronic opioid use on placebo responses, and the unique effectiveness of ketamine in treating depression despite prior opioid exposure. The chapter highlights the importance of patient experience, expectations, and the intricacies of drug interactions in achieving positive treatment outcomes.