
Penitential Associations: The Origins of Civic Democracy | Fr. Augustine Thompson, O.P.
The Thomistic Institute
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The Penitent Order of Bologna
In the mid 12 hundred bishop of eco of luca ordered married couples who wished to enter the penitential state for the first time to make a pledge of chastity. And if they were to live together, that mean living as brother and sister. The parish priest would make this act public by announcing the names of those so vowed four times a year. Vows of celibacy made the penitent to the city. It was forfeiting o private property and dependence on an ecclesiastical living, but that would make you religious. Married penitents were the way out.
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