How Tribal Membership Determines 'Indian Child' Status

This is the story of a three-year-old girl and the highest court in the land. The Supreme Court case Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl is a legal battle that has entangled a biological father, a heart-broken couple, and the tragic history of Native American children taken from their families. We originally released this story back in 2013, when that girl’s fate was still in the balance of various legal decisions. We thought now was a good time to bring the story back, because the Act at the center of the story is still being questioned.

When then-producer Tim Howard first read about this case, it struck him as a sad but seemingly straightforward custody dispute. But, as he started talking to lawyers and historians and the families involved in the case, it became clear that it was much more than that. Because Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl challenges parts of the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act, this case puts one little girl at the center of a storm of legal intricacies, Native American tribal culture, and heart-wrenching personal stakes.

LATERAL CUTS:
What Up Holmes?
The Gatekeeper

EPISODE CREDITS:
Reported by - Tim Howard
Produced by - Tim Howard

EPISODE CITATIONS (so many):

Background and Reporting from a range of different perspectives

• "Couple forced to give up daughter"
  An introductory article by Allyson Bird, for the Charleston, SC Post and Courier
• "Supreme Court Takes on Indian Child Welfare Act in Baby Veronica Case" 
  A report for Indian Country Today by Suzette Brewer, who has also written a two-part series on the case.
• "Supreme Court hears Indian child custody case"
  Tulsa World article by Michael Overall which includes Dusten Brown's account of his break-up with Veronica's mother, and his understanding about his custodial rights. Plus photos of Dusten, Veronica, and Dusten's wife Robin in their Oklahoma home_._
• Randi Kaye's report for CNN on the background of the case, and interviews with Melanie and Matt Capobianco: "Video: Adoption custody battle for Veronica"
• Nina Totenberg’s report for NPR: "Adoption Case Brings Rare Family Law Dispute To High Court"
• Reporting by NPR's Laura Sullivan and Amy Walters on current ICWA violations in South Dakota.
• Dr. Phil's coverage: "Adoption Controversy: Battle over Baby Veronica"

Analysis and Editorials

• Op-ed by Veronica's birth mom, Christy Maldonado, in the Washington Post: "Baby Veronica belongs with her adoptive parents"
• Colorlines report "The Cherokee Nation’s Baby Girl Goes on Trial:"
• Americans remain dangerously uninformed about the basics of tribal sovereignty, and what it means for the relationship between the United States and Native tribes and nations.
• The Weekly Standard's Ethan Epstein argues that ICWA is "being used to tear [families] apart]: "Mistreating Native American Children"
• Andrew Cohen considers the trickier legal aspects of the case for the Atlantic in "Indian Affairs, Adoption, and Race: The Baby Veronica Case Comes to Washington:"
• A little girl is at the heart of a big case at the Supreme Court next week, a racially-tinged fight over Native American rights and state custody laws.
• Marcia Zug's breakdown of the case (Marica Zug is an associate professor of law at the University of South Carolina School of Law who she specializes in family and American Indian law) "Doing What’s Best for the Tribe" for Slate:
• Two-year-old “Baby Veronica” was ripped from the only home she’s known. The court made the right decision.
• Marcia Zug for the Michigan Law Review: "Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl: Two-and-a-Half WAys To Destroy Indian Law"
• From Walter Olson, a senior fellow at the Cato Institute’s Center for Constitutional Studies: "The Constitutional Flaws of the Indian Child Welfare Act"
• Rapid City Journal columnist David Rooks poses a set of tough questions about ICWA: "ROOKS: Questions unasked, unanswered"
• Editorial coverage from The New York Times:
• "A Wrenching Adoption Case"
• "Adoptive Parents vs. Tribal Rights"

Contemporary, Historic, and Legal Source Materials

• Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl on the SCOTUS (Supreme Court of the United States) Blog
• Audio from the oral arguments in the Supreme Court
• Official website for ICWA (the federal Indian Child Welfare Act)
• 1974 Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Indian Affairs "on problems that American Indian families face in raising their children and how these problems are affected by federal action or inaction." PDF
• The National Indian Child Welfare Association
• The First Nations Repatriation Institute, which works with and does advocacy for adoptees

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