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The Decline of the Abbasid Caliphate
This chapter explores the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate, detailing the economic and political turmoil that led to its decline around the year 1000. It examines the migration of elite artisans and bureaucrats, the ceremonial role of the caliphs, and ultimately the catastrophic impact of the Mongol invasion in 1258. Despite this decline, the Abbasids' legacy in cultural and intellectual development endures, particularly through their contributions to Arabic-speaking society.