Intro

In this episode, we discuss the case of a 15-year-old girl who presents with progressive headache, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty ambulating. Her condition rapidly evolves into altered mental status and severe hydrocephalus, leading to a compelling discussion about the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of hydrocephalus in pediatric patients.

We break down the case into key elements:

• A comprehensive look at acute hydrocephalus, including its pathophysiology and causes
• Epidemiological insights, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approaches
• Management strategies, including temporary and permanent CSF diversion techniques
• A review of complications related to shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy

Key Case Highlights:

• Patient Presentation:
• A 15-year-old girl with a 3-day history of worsening headaches, nausea, vomiting, and difficulty walking
• Altered mental status and bradycardia upon PICU admission
• CT scan revealed severe hydrocephalus without a clear mass lesion
• Management Steps in the PICU:
• Hypertonic saline bolus improved her mental status and pupillary reactions
• Neurosurgery consultation recommended MRI and close neuro checks
• Initial management included dexamethasone, keeping the patient NPO, and hourly neuro assessments
• Differential Diagnosis:
• Obstructive (non-communicating) vs. non-obstructive (communicating) hydrocephalus
• Consideration of alternative diagnoses like intracranial hemorrhage and idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Episode Learning Points:

• Hydrocephalus Overview:
• Abnormal CSF buildup in the ventricles leading to increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
• Key distinctions between obstructive and non-obstructive types

Epidemiology and Risk Factors:

• Congenital causes include genetic syndromes, neural tube defects, and Chiari malformations
• Acquired causes: post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (e.g., from IVH in preemies), infections like TB meningitis, and brain tumors

Clinical Presentation:

• Infants: Bulging fontanelles, sunsetting eyes, irritability
• Older children: Headaches, vomiting, papilledema, and gait disturbances

Management Framework:

• Temporary CSF diversion via external ventricular drains (EVD) or lumbar catheters
• Permanent interventions include VP shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)

Complications of Shunts and ETV:

• Shunt infections, malfunctions, over-drainage, and migration
• ETV-specific risks, including delayed failure years post-procedure

Clinical Pearl:

• Communicating hydrocephalus involves symmetric ventricular enlargement and is often linked to inflammatory or post-treatment changes affecting CSF reabsorption.

Hosts’ Takeaway Points:

• Dr. Pradip Kamat emphasizes the importance of timely recognition and intervention in hydrocephalus to prevent complications like brain herniation.
• Dr. Rahul Damania highlights the need for meticulous neurological checks in PICU patients and an individualized approach to treatment.

Resources Mentioned:

• Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network guidelines.
• Recent studies on ETV outcomes in pediatric populations.

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