The Early Dynasty in Egypt

The divergence between what became egypt and what became nubia happened in stages over the course of the fourth millennium b c. The earliest identifiable kings began to emerge in upper egypt, especially at a place called abidos. They pioneered hieroglyphic writing and they fought with other small time rulers who resided at places like hiracon polis. Eventually state power emerged in the form of the pharaohs. But the background to those later developments was this foundational pastoral culture.