Penitential Associations: The Origins of Civic Democracy | Fr. Augustine Thompson, O.P.
The Thomistic Institute
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Penitents in the Late 12th Century
By 12 88, parma penitents held the monopoly for bread and wine sales during famines toensure that no one would lack food on account of poverty. At this brother's direction, the commission could fine delinquent bakers up to 12 pounds. Parma brothers also served in charitable tasks such as dispensing municipal alms. Finally, parma relied on penitents for supervision of municipal elections until the 12 sixties. By mid thirteenth century, segro sexual segregation had become the norm among the penitents at padua onfraternity statutes from the communal period and later, never mentioned women.
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