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The Indus Valley Lacked States
We are trained, really trained, to think of states as natural objects of study. But if we are saying that those are criteria for statehood, then we don't have it there. States didn't emerge in south asia for another thousand years or more. Simply saying that the people of the indus valley lacked states doesn't help us come up with a better understanding of how that society functioned. We shouldn' t take that for granted.