The Importance of Being Confusioned

Robbie: I used to think of orthopednea as only being related to the heart, but that's flawed. Peroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is much more specific for a cardiac etiology of shortness of breath. The other causes include the respiratory tract specifically, elevations and intraturassic pressure like COPD or elevations and intra abdominal pressure. And then finally, anything that affects the diaphragm.