The dunning cruger effect has been studied for over 20 years. People who are most confident in a particular cognitive domain are oftentimes the most susceptible to bes, and also likely to overestimate their actual skills. The first question that i would ask when you suspect, well, i may have just been exposed to some b s, is to ask the communicator what? What exactly is the claim? To clarify the claim. I cannot tell you how much money i have actually saved myself showing that asking these basic questions actually work.

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