The Rise of Islam, Carolingian Empire, and Crusades in Medieval Europe

This chapter covers the emergence and expansion of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, the transition of power from the Umayyad to the Abbasid dynasty, and the rise of the Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne. It also delves into the formation of Normandy, the evolution of knighthood, and the Crusades, exploring their religious origins and geopolitical implications on medieval European politics.