When Did Consciousness Begin?

Dr. Nikolay Kukushkin is a neuroscientist, molecular biologist, and author of One Hand Clapping: A Natural History of the Mind — a groundbreaking exploration of how consciousness, memory, and intelligence evolved from the simplest forms of life.

In this episode, Nikolay reveals the extraordinary idea that memory isn’t just in your brain — it’s a universal feature of life itself. Every cell in your body can “remember” patterns of experience, learn from them, and change its behavior — using the same molecular logic that neurons use to form thoughts. This ancient cellular intelligence may even hold the key to understanding consciousness, emotion, and the mind-body connection.

Expect to learn why the difference between mind and body is an illusion, how single cells can distinguish patterns in time, why the same molecules that encode your memories also regulate your organs, how consciousness emerges gradually through information integration, why information might be more fundamental than matter, how AI and synthetic biology could help us rebuild the mind from first principles, the mystery of “obelisks” — unknown structures hidden inside your cells — and what all this means for trauma, emotion, free will, and the future of neuroscience.

Timestamps:

00:00 Intro

03:15 Understanding Cellular Memory

06:20 Emergence of Memory: Human vs. Cellular

09:03 Defining Memory: Perspectives and Critiques

12:21 Research on Non-Neural Memory

15:20 The Spacing Effect in Cellular Memory

18:24 Mechanisms of Memory Encoding in Cells

21:04 Cellular Memory and Emotion

24:22 Consciousness in Cells: A Philosophical Inquiry

27:08 Implications of Cellular Memory for Biology and Medicine

30:10 The Future of Understanding Consciousness

39:57 The Nature of Consciousness

43:10 Reframing Our Understanding of Consciousness

45:53 Tracing the Origins of Consciousness

48:46 Information vs. Matter: The Fundamental Debate

52:24 Artificial Consciousness: A New Frontier

55:35 The Ethics of AI and Consciousness

57:46 Defining Consciousness: A Democratic Process?

01:00:51 The Expansive Potential of Biological Understanding

01:03:02 The Future of AI and Consciousness

01:09:26 The Mystery of Obelisks and Genetic Composition

01:13:57 Synthetic Biology: The Future of Creation

01:18:01 Exploring Cellular Memory and Its Implications

01:22:00 The Gut-Brain Connection and Memory

01:26:51 Trauma and the Body: A New Perspective

01:29:52 Shifting Perspectives on Dopamine and Language

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