The way to calculate these markups is basically using a production function. So that's the basic picture flat from 50s to 80, then up, no action between industries and lots of actions within industries. Then academics came along and they said, wait a second, time out. Maybe there's more to our input and we should consider intangible investments. And Gee, when have intangible investments really taken off really since 1980? When you make that adjustment, you get a very different outcome.

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