Heda argues that the stoics use the providence or dam's disjunction to establish irrefutably that even if epicureanism were true, absolutely one would still have to live as a stoic. "It is impossible that the universe could produce human rationality unless the latter were already in some way present in the former," Heda writes. The essence of stoicism is experience of the absolute nature of moral conscience and of the purity of intention", he adds.

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