Since the 19th century Persia had been increasingly encroached upon by imperial powers. Why did Persia find itself so vulnerable to these world powers at that moment and how did that experience propel and shape the politics that led up to the constitutional revolution? On the one hand, we definitely see this of longstanding alignment of the monarchy, the Gajar monarchy and the clergy working hand in hand. But at the same time, and this is actually very important in the late 19th century, we're seeing an increasing split within the clergy also if not the same I did.

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