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The Probability Enablers Predict the Behavior of Gases
At the time, whether or not matter was atomic was still a matter for some debate. Maxwell and Boltzmann first realized that on average they were all traveling at the same speed. Using these probabilities, they were then able to describe the way that gas behaves. And in fact, they went on to use this to description the way that heat flow behaves. So it really was the use of probability to describe aspects of the real world that could not be described by a fully deterministic system.