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Is Uruk Really a State?
Not all scholars agree that uruk was a state at all, or because their list of state characteristics is different. The key point here is that arguing for the existence of a state can get really circulard. To continue our discussion, we have to go west to the nile valley, to egypt. It is safe to say that egypt is the earliest fully agreed upon state in the world. This regime combined absolute sovereignty, the monarch's ability to stand apart from human society and engage in arbitrary violence with impunity. They had to systematically divide up territory and xtract resources and labor from it. And it wasn't enough for these things to simply be present for a moment.