Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom
Free Thoughts
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The Pluralist Tradition in Europe
Before the state there was quite a lot that we now think of as the pluralistic intermediate sphere. Montesquieu turns ancient constitutionalist intellectual tradition from political tool into full-blown political theory. The church and cities had not been friends ideologically, intellectually during the high Middle Ages. But in the face of centralizing absolutist monarchs they found common cause against them.
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