Animal Intelligence

Historian joyce salisbury writes, ianalysts sometimes had to work hard to preserve the notion that animals lacked reason. Mediaeval thinkers solved this dilemma by positing a sixth sense, called estimativa, that could perceive intentionality. The twentieth and 20 first centuries have seen an explosion of scientific research into animal intelligence. And the overwhelming trend has been to show that higher animals have the same basic cognitive features as humans. But complexity is a matter of degree, not of kind.