Lessons from Historical Warfare

This chapter examines the military strategies and failures of ancient civilizations such as the Aztecs, Romans, and Alexander the Great, highlighting their miscalculations and underestimations of enemies. It discusses the impact of internal conflict and leadership changes on societal resilience against external threats, while also addressing the enduring nature of cultural identity amid warfare. Lastly, it considers modern deterrents to extreme violence and the complexities of international relations shaped by past conflicts.