How Do You Know When an Animal Is Really Counting?

How do you know that an animal is really counting, and when it maybe picking up in a cue or finding a way round to that methodology? That's a very good question. A, there is a famous case of the horse, clever hans, who was terrifically good, apparently, at a calculation. He could find a squares, hey couldn't find square roots, as well as doing all the usual calculations. And people couldn't figure out how the did it. It turns out that he was particularly good at picking up cues. So subsequent to hans, the investigators try and stay out of the way, so the the animal can't see the investigator, or hear the investigate