In this episode of our new show The 100 Year Thinkers, Chris Mayer and Robert Hagstrom explore how the words investors use quietly shape the decisions they make — often in destructive ways. From labels like “cheap,” “expensive,” and “compounder” to debates about valuation, concentration, and AI, the conversation digs into how language collapses uncertainty into false certainty. Drawing on general semantics, mental models, and decades of investing experience, they explain why confusing maps for reality leads investors astray — and how clearer thinking can change how you see markets, risk, and long-term returns.
Topics discussed include:
Why paying 30x earnings can be rational when return on invested capital stays high
How the word “is” smuggles hidden assumptions into investment decisions
The difference between a company being a compounder and having compounded in the past
Why valuation debates are really disagreements about time horizon
The “map vs. territory” problem in financial statements and market data
Market concentration, index construction, and why benchmarks can mislead investors
How language shapes narratives around value, growth, and risk
AI investing, capital allocation, and separating durable businesses from hype
Why many binary true-or-false questions are traps for investors
How long-term investors think in decades, not quarters
