The Exclusion Criteria for Bystander CPR

The exclusion criteria for this study were: Under the age of 18, DNRs, traumatic arrests, drowning. 84% of the people who were enrolled in the study were males. With males, you have a larger chest cavity. There's a greater trans-thoracic impedance. So I think there's good reason why patients who have refractive VF may be much more difficult to defibrillate. And it shows that a huge improvement in bystander CPR in Toronto and southern Ontario in general has been seen.