Selection Bias in Emergency Medicine

Out of 131 available physicians who volunteered to participate, which creates a high risk for selection bias. We do not have any other data on those physicians related to their sleep. Most of our physicians were working at two or more sites. But the to continue with selection bias we do note this is from a single academic center which might make it difficult to extract away to other practice environments like non academic urban centers community ed pediatric eds or rural eds critical access hospitals.