Morality, Freedom, and Political Structures

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This chapter examines the philosophical foundations of morality and freedom within societal structures, highlighting the importance of reason and human behavior over divine command. It discusses the evolution of political power, emphasizing democratic principles and collective decision-making against the backdrop of monarchy. The speakers critique simplistic moral understandings and advocate for rational thought and open dialogue in addressing complex moral dilemmas.

Michael Shermer and Matthew Stewart explore the heretical philosophical roots of the American Republic, including Enlightenment influences and the Founding Fathers’ religious beliefs. They discuss Epicurean and ancient Greek ideas, slavery’s moral contradictions, and its role in causing the Civil War, with figures like John Brown and Frederick Douglass shaping abolitionist movements that ultimately led to emancipation.

Matthew Stewart is an independent philosopher and historian who has written extensively about the philosophical origins of the American republic, the history of philosophy, management theory, and the culture of inequality. His work has appeared in The Atlantic, the Washington Post, the Wall Street Journal, and Harvard Business Review, among other publications. In recent years he has lived in Boston, New York, and Los Angeles, and is currently based in London. He is the author of Nature’s God: The Heretical Origins of the American Republic and An Emancipation of the Mind: Radical Philosophy, the War over Slavery, and the Refounding of America.