Case Studies: Socrates, Cremutius, and Cicero

In the wake of recent conflicts over free speech and acts of political violence, Mary and Charlotte discuss how - then as now - free speech dominated the political agenda in the ancient world, with wildly different interpretations about what it meant and who got to decide. 

They discuss two distinct, yet complimentary principles in Ancient Athenian democracy: Parrhesia (free or frank speech) and isegoria (the equal right to speak). In theory, parrhesia preserved the right to speak truth to power, including the scandalous sexual jokes about public figures which pepper the comedies of the Greek stage. Tolerance of these plays suggested the Athenians generally recognised the validity of frank speech - and one of the state warships was even named parrhesia. 

Isegoria embodied the principle that any free man had an equal right to participate in public discourse, although in practice this was rarely the case. Polished public speaking came with a good education and those who lacked it could be physically silenced. 

The principles of free speech and equality are deceptively simple, and - as with today - interpretation and implementation varied wildly, depending on who held power. The life and death of the philosopher Socrates provides an interesting case study. He is often celebrated as a martyr of free speech, dying in its name, but on closer examination this isn’t exactly what happened. 

They also look at free speech in Ancient Rome and the sobering story of Cicero’s final hours, in which his tongue - allegedly - was stitched into silence. 

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Mary and Charlotte recommend some further reading

Plato’s version of Socrates’ response to the charges against him is found in his Apology of Socrates (this, like all ancient works we mention here, is widely available in translation in print and online). NB in Greek apologia means “defence” not “sorry”. 

An important debate in the Athenian assembly that we reference in our discussion (on how to punish the people on Mytilene) is described by Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War  Book 3, 36ff.

The story of Cremutius Cordus is told in Tacitus Annals Book 3, 34-5; that of the tongue of Cicero by Cassius Dio, History of Rome Book 47, 8.

Emily Wilson, The Death of Socrates (Profile/Harvard UP, 2008) is a good introduction to the issues of free speech in 399 BCE and their legacy.

Content warning: references to political violence both in the ancient world and in the past week, and mild sexual innuendo. 

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Producer: Jonty Claypole 

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Theme music: Casey Gibson

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