In his new book, Reaght asks why did eastern elites fold when faced with narratives of european civilizational superiority. Why were they so easily stigmatized by western actors? He argues that the east's developmental inferiority complex began to take shape well before the industrial revolution decisively put europe ahead of asia in material terms. And what you find is like this common thread, starting in nineteenth century, of what i call stigmatization. So europe is saying, we are a spirit civilization, and you're backward.