Navigating Civilian Casualties in Urban Warfare

The chapter explores the intricate challenges of determining civilian casualties in urban warfare, rejecting simple thresholds and emphasizing the complexities of military necessity and proportionality. Historical examples and hypothetical scenarios are used to illustrate decision-making dilemmas faced by military commanders, particularly in conflicts like Israel versus Gaza. Expert insights and critical analysis shed light on the nuances of targeting decisions, precautionary measures, and the potential strategic consequences of engaging in warfare where enemies hide among civilians.