Until incredibly recently, we have always lived in relative population stability. The world has started to go through what is known as the demographic transition. There are three stages of that: mortality rates and birth rates keep tally with each other; then fertility rate goes down while people invest more for future generations. And lastly, when natural fertility rate comes down, those same communities start to respond by having fewer children. This article was first published on November 6th 2014 at 10am GMT (9am ET)

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