Hard Evidence: Moon Rocks and Mirrors

James brings back astrophysicist Brian Keating for a practical takedown of moon-landing conspiracy claims—and a wider lesson in how to reason when everyone has a microphone. From the Van Allen belts to “the flag waving,” Keating separates physics from folklore, explains what evidence actually looks like (hello, laser retroreflectors), and gives a playbook for engaging friends who’ve gone down the rabbit hole—without losing your mind.

MAKE SURE TO WATCH: Brian Keating's Video Debunking the Moon Landing Conspiracy Theory

What You’ll Learn:

• A simple framework for arguing well: define the claim, demand specific evidence, check physics and history, and compare against competing explanations.
• Why the Van Allen belts don’t “fry” astronauts and how Apollo minimized exposure (trajectory + speed + shielding).
• How we still verify Apollo today (lunar laser ranging off Apollo-placed mirrors).
• How to spot trope-based arguments (appeals to vibes, selective papers, “we haven’t gone back, therefore it never happened”).

Timestamped Chapters:

• [00:00] Opening: “What’s up with Candace Owens?” Setting the table: Bart Sibrel, viral platforms, and why this matters.
• [02:30] Rogan, Jesse Michels, and the megaphone effect. Platforms amplify doubt; why it sticks.
• [04:20] Thiel salons & the culture wars around ‘science.’ Belief, institutions, and physics “stagnation.”
• [06:15] The debate that never happened. Why Sibrel refused; what counts as a real debate.
• [15:45] Physics 101: Van Allen belts. Charged particles, trajectories, dose vs. time.
• [23:10] “We haven’t gone back” ≠ “we never went.” South Pole analogy; politics, cost, and program shifts.
• [30:00] Flag shadows, cameras, and remote control. Why the photo/camera myths fail basic engineering.
• [35:05] Apollo 1, the ‘lemon,’ and what actually happened. Tragedy, design fixes, and conspiratorial leaps.
• [44:10] Keating’s NASA work. Aviation safety, non-destructive evaluation, and why ‘NASA is useless’ is unserious.
• [57:10] Hard evidence you can measure: Apollo retroreflectors, seismographs, and international confirmations.

Core references:

• Van Allen radiation belts — NASA overview. NASA Science
• Lunar laser retroreflectors (Apollo 11/14/15) — NASA & background. NASA
• Soviet Luna 15 crashed during Apollo 11 (context on USSR verification/competition). NASA

People, platforms, and episodes mentioned:

• Buzz Aldrin vs. Bart Sibrel (2002 incident) — background. HISTORY
• Bart Sibrel — Danny Jones episode featuring Charles Duke (context). YouTube
• Jesse Michels on The Joe Rogan Experience (recent appearance). YouTube

Historical context:

• Apollo 1 fire & the “lemon” (hung on a simulator, not the flight capsule). Space

Cultural notes referenced in-episode:

• Celebrity moon-hoax chatter (recent coverage of the Kardashians’ comments). People.com

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