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Uncharted: Margaret Heffernan

Wisdom From The Top with Guy Raz

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The Willful Blindness of the Scientific Establishment

It was 25 years before the American Medical Association decided that x-raying pregnant women was a bad idea. Alice Stewart's research showed there was no safe level of radiation exposure for a fetus. But asked to choose between the theory and the data, the scientific establishment clung to the theory for 25 years. "A theory marginalizes and trivializes or blinds you to whatever doesn't fit," she says.

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