In the nineteenth century, when europe is really at the door lik asia as a result of industrial revolution and various military advantages. They kind of accept this idea that they had been declining for centuries. But materially, there wasn't really centuries of decline. What you have is maybe even the the industrialization that happens in l nineteenth centuries. Or you have relatively parallel stories, which flips or like the great divergence, as they call it, k in the nineteenth century.
Ayşe Zarakol on her book Before the West: The Rise and Fall of Eastern World Orders. How centuries of Asian empires from Genghis Khan to Timur and the early Ming Dynasty through the Ottomans and Mughals built dominant world orders and, ultimately, shaped the rise of Europe—and how that all might shape how we think about the crisis in the world order today.
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