
Penitential Associations: The Origins of Civic Democracy | Fr. Augustine Thompson, O.P.
The Thomistic Institute
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The Penitents of Parma
The leader proposed prayer intentions in italian for each of the group. This bidding prayer, although similar to the ligturgical forms on good friday, followed an order wholly independent of the clerical church version. One brother ran the city office where people could bring bread to have it tested as to weight, quality and color. And if it didn't match up, they could then get the ticket finding the baker. In 12 forty two the dungarolus in charge of the waterworks and drains was always lay penitent.
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