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The History of the Caliphate
The caliph is a kind of political entity where it is the community that comes first, and the territoriality is secondary. And then the community is forged, if you will, based on the elements that are available through various mechanisms of imagination, propaganda, and Batavu. So in short, the caliphate is Muslim government, in which Muslims, to which Muslims belong, and non-Muslims have always had from the very beginning a well-defined role in the caliphate as protected minorities.