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Nationalism, Authoritarianism, and Islamic Movements
This chapter examines the interplay between secular nationalist left movements and Islamic religious movements in the Middle East, analyzing their conflicts with authoritarian states. It highlights the evolution of these movements post-Cold War, their ideological shifts, and the impact of geopolitical strategies on their rise. Additionally, it delves into the sectarian dynamics within Syria and Iraq, illustrating how both internal and external factors fueled violence and repression in the region.