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The History of Chips
The first transistor was invented in the late 1940s and it was clear it'd be useful for amplifying signals like radio signals. But individual transistors in the 1950s were pretty flimsy devices that often broke or burned out. It wasn't until at the end of the 1950s, Texas Instruments and Texas and then Fairchild Sama conductor in California learned how to put multiple transistor in the same piece of silicon. They were a revolution in quality control because you didn't have to worry about the wires that connected them.