The ottomans made a pretty plausible claim to millennial sovereign sovereignty through just a lot of conquest. The ulama gained increasing power to check the ottoman sovereign, while the sapabids moved from sufi milinarianism to a more orthodox twelver shi orthodoxy. How did a turn to religion help these empires retain their legitimacy in the face of frustrated world conquering ambitions? It's always the inatredof i mean, we see it with almost all f the examples discussed in the book.