Do Middle and High School Students Need Fluency Instruction and What Counts as Instruction?
Shanahan on Literacy
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The Necessity of Fluency Instruction for Older Students
This chapter examines the need for fluency instruction in middle and high school, weighing varying opinions on its necessity for all students. It underscores the critical role of fluency in reading comprehension and differentiates between teaching fluency as a skill and simply providing practice.
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