The Caliph and the Rule of Kings

In the mediaeval period in christian lands, where the king had the rule of kings. So as his laing ruler is to cofer. He didn't make up laws like a modern ruler might do. The law that was established and codified by independent scholars. They weren't absolutists but they did have some power over people. And so this created an unavoidable relationship between the caliph and the scholars. To the highest level is the chief judge who can appeal to the highest levels of court.