
Penitential Associations: The Origins of Civic Democracy | Fr. Augustine Thompson, O.P.
The Thomistic Institute
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The Penitent's Way of Life
The lay penitent's way of life, begun in the 11 hundreds, and systematized by the 12 tens, received canonical form on the twentieth of may 20, 12 21. Popes and bishops soon granted them a wide range of ecclesiastical privileges. Hardly a single line of ate of the memorial does not find a model in an earlier rule or penitential canon.
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