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Material World: How Six Crucial Substances Shape the Global Economy

Intelligence Squared

CHAPTER

Foundations of Modern Civilization

This chapter explores six essential substances—sand, iron, salt, oil, copper, and lithium—that are integral to our economy and daily life. Through examining the environmental impacts of material extraction and reflecting on recent global events, it highlights the importance of these materials in sustaining civilization. The discussion emphasizes the need for a deeper understanding of the physical foundations of our technologies and the ongoing transition towards a new industrial revolution focused on sustainability.

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