There is already talk of planned spring offensives from both sides. I think it's particularly valuable to look back as you do in this bookmark at the lessons Vladimir Putin has learned from his wars to date, and how they've shaped the Russian military. The first Chechen war was a crushing blow to Russia on so many levels - one because it showed just how far its own forces had become incompetent, disorganized, demoralized, and criminalized. Most of the weapons the Chechens were using, they had bought off the Russian soldiers they were fighting. It also demonstrated the threat to the whole territorial unity of the Russian Federation.

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