Emerging Neurologic Autoimmune Disorders (MOGAD) in the PICU
PICU Doc On Call
Intro
This chapter explores the intricate case of a young girl exhibiting severe neurological symptoms and the path to diagnosing MOGAD. It highlights the challenges in managing autoimmune disorders within a pediatric intensive care setting.
Welcome to "PICU Doc on Call," the podcast where real cases meet real expertise at the bedside! Join Dr. Monica Gray, Dr. Pradip Kamat, and Dr. Rahul Damania as they unravel the mysteries of pediatric critical care. In today’s episode, our team dives into the compelling case of a previously healthy seven-year-old girl who arrives with seizures, right arm weakness, and sudden respiratory failure. Together, they’ll break down the diagnosis and management of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease, also known as MOGAD. This autoimmune demyelinating disorder can challenge even the most seasoned clinicians.
Tune in as our experts walk you through the clinical features, essential diagnostic workup, and the critical importance of early immunosuppressive therapy. Whether you’re at the bedside or on the go, this episode is packed with practical pearls and a multidisciplinary approach to recognizing and treating acute pediatric neuroimmunological emergencies in the PICU. Let’s get started!
Show Highlights:
- Presentation of a complex pediatric case involving a seven-year-old girl with new-onset seizures and acute respiratory failure
- Discussion of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) as an autoimmune demyelinating disorder
- Overview of the clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria for autoimmune encephalitis
- Importance of a broad differential diagnosis, including infectious and autoimmune causes, in pediatric patients with seizures and neurological deficits
- Diagnostic approach involving MRI, lumbar puncture, and antibody testing for MOGAD
- Management strategies for MOGAD, including stabilization, seizure control, and immunosuppressive therapy
- Neurocritical care considerations for monitoring and treating elevated intracranial pressure
- Long-term management challenges and the need for multidisciplinary care in pediatric patients with MOGAD
- Discussion of potential outcomes and the risk of relapse in children with MOGAD.
- Emphasis on the importance of early and comprehensive diagnostic testing to avoid misdiagnosis
References:
- Fuhrman & Zimmerman - Pediatric Critical Care 6th Edition, Chapter 64
- Gole S, Anand A. Autoimmune Encephalitis. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK578203/
- Salama S, Khan M, Pardo S, Izbudak I, Levy M. MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis/encephalitis. Mult Scler. 2019 Oct;25(11):1427-1433. doi: 10.1177/1352458519837705. Epub 2019 Mar 25. PMID: 30907249; PMCID: PMC6751007
- Lancaster E. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Encephalitis. J Clin Neurol. 2016 Jan;12(1):1-13. doi: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.1. PMID: 26754777; PMCID: PMC4712273.
- Fisher KS, Illner A, Kannan V. Pediatric neuroinflammatory diseases in the intensive care unit. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2024 Apr;49:101118. Doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2024.101118. Epub 2024 Feb 1. PMID: 38677797.
- Hébert J, Muccilli A, Wennberg RA, Tang-Wai DF. Autoimmune Encephalitis and Autoantibodies: A Review of Clinical Implications. J Appl Lab Med. 2022 Jan 5;7(1):81-98. Doi: 10.1093/jalm/jfab102. PMID: 34996085.
- Lopez JA, Denkova M, Ramanathan S, Dale RC, Brilot F. Pathogenesis of autoimmune demyelination: from multiple sclerosis to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease. Clin Transl Immunology. 2021 Jul 26;10(7):e1316. doi: 10.1002/cti2.1316. PMID: 34336206; PMCID: PMC8312887.
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