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The Civil Service Examination System in China in the 17th Century
In the 19th century, when Japan embarked upon modernization, it was a Japan similar to China at the very beginning stage of the civil service examination system. When the exam system was extremely watertight, was extremely homogeneous, was extremely well organized. By 17th century, China was already not very inventive, as compared with 6th century. The level of inventions declined dramatically in the 17th century. So I tend to lean toward the view that by 17th century China was already quite backward.