The most significant compliance and enforcement issue remains trade enforcement -- sanctions and export controls. In the second posting, I want to focus on the new and interesting development in this area: the use of the False Claims Act to capture violations of tariffs and customs duties.

With all the hype on the trade compliance front, when you calculate the numbers relating to criminal enforcement, 2025 was a slower year than 2024. That is understandable since there is always a hiccup or delay when a new Administration takes power.

From the administrative standpoint, however, OFAC and Commerce's Bureau of industry and Security ("BIS") posted increased in 2025 over 2024. For OFAC, 2024 was a relatively slow year, and 2025 showed an uptick in numbers of cases. Notwithstanding these increases, OFAC brought big cases involving Russian oligarchs.

For the year, OFAC brought 14 cases and recovered over $265 million in penalties. What was missing, however, was OFAC's steady enforcement against a variety of industries -- the spread of OFAC cases was fairly limited.

From the numbers, for 2025, DOJ indicted, took guilty pleas or participated in sentencing proceedings in a total of forty-one (41) cases. For 26 of these cases, the illegal exports were intended to customers in Russia (16) and China (10); after that, Iran was involved in 5 cases, and Haiti was involved in 4, and Venezuela and North Korea had only 2 cases respectively.

In this Episode, Michael Volkov reviews overall trade enforcement activities for 2025.

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