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Optogenetics
All brain cells are electrical. All neurons are electrically activated. So if you wanted to use electricity as what you were putting in, you won't have any specificity at all. We know that's one way the brain is set up. There are parts of the brain where neurons side by side are doing completely different things and maybe even antagonistic to each other. What we found is what you can do is make some cells responsive to light. And so that's what we do with optogenetics.We take genes, bits of DNA from microbes, single-celled organisms like algae,. They make little proteins that sit in the surface of their cells that receive light.