When firms can impose switching costs on creators and audiences, more broadly on business customers and retail customers. When they can impose high switching costs on those entities, so that if you leave the platform, you have to give up something important. That gives them the economic power to shift surpluses away from both buyers and sellers to the platform operator. So TikTok has an idiosyncratic format that makes it hard to do TikTok production that works well on other platforms.

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